physicist Steven Weinberg came up: Weinberg 1987.

who first presented this type: Carter 1974.

Wald was asked to examine data: Mangel and Samaniego 1984 is a scholarly analysis of Wald’s work on aircraft survivability. Wolfowitz 1952 chronicles all of Wald’s work.

very familiar with the Malmquist bias: The Wikipedia article about the Malmquist bias is quite detailed and not too technical. At http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmquist_bias.

Kepler published a treatise: Kepler’s model is described in some detail in Livio 2002, p. 142.