passive role in the course of those two invasions.
His genius was clearly shown in these two battles when the Muslims were defeated; for he stoodfast  facing the enemy and managed, by his super wisdom, to thwart the enemy’s aim as was the case in
Uhud. Similarly he managed to change the Muslims’ defeat in Hunain into a victory. Nothwithstanding  the fact that serious grave developments in military operations usually leave the worst impression on  the military leaders and entice them to flee for their lives.
We have, so far, discussed the mere aspects of military leadership of the invasions. On the other  hand,  through these invasions he was able to impose security, institute peace, diffuse dissension and  destroy  the military might of the enemies through relentless struggle between Islam and paganism.
The Prophet had also profound insight and could differentiate the faithful from the hypocrites and  plotters.
Great was the group of military leaders who fought and excelled the Persians and the Byzantines in  the  battlefields of Ash-Sham and Iraq with respect to war strategy and leading the fight procedures. The  very leaders, who succeeded Muhammad (Peace be upon him) , managed to drive off the enemies of
Islam, from their lands and countries, their gardens and springs, and their farms. They drove them off  their honourable residence and from the grace and provisions they owned and enjoyed. Those Muslim  leaders were all Muhammad’s men. They were imbued with the spirit of Islam at the hand of the
Prophet (Peace be upon him).
Thanks to these battles, the Messenger of Allâh (Peace be upon him) managed accommodation,  secured land and provided chances of work for all Muslims. He, even, made a lot of inquiries about the  refugee problems who (then) had no houses or fortunes. He equipped the army with weapons, horses  and expenditures. He had all that realized without exercising a particle weight of injustice. The Prophet
(Peace be upon him) has altered the standards and aims of pre-Islamic wars. Their war was no more  than robbing, killing, plundering, tyranny and aggression-oriented wars. Those wars focused on  winning  victory, oppressing the weakling and demolishing their houses and constructions. For them, war was a  means by which they can rape or unveil women, practise cruelty against the weakling, the babies and  small children, spoil tillage and race, and spread corruption on the earth. Islamic wars are different  from pre-Islamic wars. A “war” in Islam is a Jihad. That is to say it is a noble sacred fight in the way of
Allâh for the verification of a Muslim society that seeks to free man from oppression, tyranny and  aggression. It is a society that everyone everywhere and at all times should be proud of.Pre-Islamic  thoughts and traditions of Al-Jahiliyah period have been turned upside down by Islam. These were so  hard upon the weakling that they had to invoke Allâh to enable them to get away from that  pre-Islamic  environment by saying:
“Our Lord, rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors, and raise for us from You one  who will protect, and raise for us from You one who will help.”
The war of corruption, slaying and robbing that used to prevail has now turned into a sacred one, Al-
Jihad. One of the greatest aims of Al-Jihad is to free man from the aggression, the oppression and the  tyranny of men of power. A man of power, in Islam, is a weakling till after the right of the poor is  taken  from him. War, in Islam, is a Jihad for the purification of the land of Allâh from dece, treachery, sinful  deeds and aggression. It is a sacred war that aims at spreading security, safety, mercy and  compassion  as well as observing the rights and magnanimity. The Messenger of Allâh (Peace be upon him) had  issued honourable strict rules about war and bade his soldiers and leaders to comply with them. They  were forbidden to break those rules under any circumstances. In reference to Sulaiman bin Buraidah’s  version, who said that his father had told him that whenever the Messenger of Allâh (Peace be upon  him) appointed a leader on an army or on a battalion, he used to recommend him to fear Allâh, the
Great and All-Mighty, when dealing with those who were closest to him and to be good with all
Muslims.
Then the Prophet (Peace be upon him) would say to him:
“Let your invasion be in the Name of Allâh and for His sake. Fight those who disbelieve in Allâh.
Invade but do not exaggerate nor commit treachery. Never deform the corpse of a dead person  or kill an infant child.”
The Messenger of Allâh (Peace be upon him) asked people to facilitate but he forbade them to bear