38 LIFE OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON. suspended in empty space, and retained in their orbits by an in visible influence residing in the sun — was to the ignorant a thing inconceivable, and to the learned a revival of the occult qualities of the ancient physics. This remark applies particularly to the continent. Leibnitz misapprehended ; Huygens in part rejected ; John Bernouilli opposed ; and Fontenelle never received the doc trines of the PRINCIPIA. So that, the saying of Voltaire is prob ably true, that though Newton survived the publication of his great work more than forty years, yet, at the time of his death, lie had not above twenty followers out of England. But in England, the reception of our author's philosophy was rapid and triumphant. His own labours, while Lucasian Pro fessor ; those of his successors in that Chair — Whiston and Saunderson ; those of Dr. Samuel Clarke, Dr. Laughton, Roger Cotes, and Dr. Bentley ; the experimental lectures of Dr. Keill and Desaguliers ; the early and powerful exertions of David Gregory at Edinburgh, and of his brother James Gregory at St. Andrew's, tended to diffuse widely in England and Scotland a knowledge of, and taste for the truths of the PRINCIPIA. Indeed, its mathematical doctrines constituted, from the first, a regular part of academical instruction ; while its physical truths, given to the public in popular lectures, illustrated by experiments, had, before the lapse of twenty ) ( ar.s, become familiar to, and adopted by the general mind. Pemberton's popular " View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy" was published, in 1728 ; and the year after ward, an English translation of the PRINCIPIA, and System of the World, by Andrew Motte. And since that period, the labours of Le Seur and Jacquier, of Thorpe, of Jebb, of Wright and others have greatly contributed to display the most hidden treasures of the PRINCIPIA. About the time of the publication of the Principia, James II., bent on re-establishing the Romish Faith, had, among other ille gal acts, ordered by mandamus, the University of Cambridge to confer the degree of Master of Arts upon an ignorant monk. Obedience to this mandate was resolutely refused. Newton was one of the nine delegates chosen to defend the independence of the University. They appeared before the High Court ; — and