330 Notes lishers, 1971), p. 324. The full passage, unavailable in the Hoare and Smith translation, is to be found in Gramsci, Quaderni del Carcere, ed. Valentino Gerratana (Turin: Einaudi Editore, 1975), 2: 1363. 17. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1958), p. 376. Chapter 1. The Scope of Orientalism 1. This and the preceding quotations from Arthur James Balfour's speech to the House of Commons are from Great Britain, Parliarnentary Debates (Commons), Sth ser., 17 (1910): 1140-46. See also A. P, Thornton, The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London: MacMillan & Co, 1959), pp, 357-60. Balfour’s speech was a defense of Eldon Gorst’s policy in Egypt; for a discussion of that see Peter John Dreyfus Mellini, “Sir Eldon Gorst and British Imperial Policy in Egypt,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971. 2. Denis Judd, Balfour and the British Empire: A Study in Imperial Evolution, 1874-1932 (London: MacMillan & Co, 1968), p. 286. See also p. 292: as late as'1926 Balfour spoke—without irony—of Egypt as an “independent nation.” . 3. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, 1908-1913 (1913; reprint ed., Freeport, N. Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), pp. 40, 53, 12-14. 4. Ibid, p. 171. 5. Roger Owen, “The Influence of Lord Cromer’s Indian Experience on British Policy in Egypt 1883-1907,” in Middle Eastern Affairs, Number Four: St. Antony’s Papers Number 17, ed. Albert Hourani (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 109-39. 6. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (New York: Macmillan Co., 1908), 2: 146-67. For a British view of British policy in Egypt that runs totally counter to Cromer's, see Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt: Being a Personal Narrative of Events (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922). There is a valuable discussion of Egyptian opposition to British rule in Mounah A. Khouri, Poetry and the Making of Modern Egypt, 1882--1922 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971). 7. Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2: 164. 8. Cited in John Marlowe, Cromer in Egypt (London: Elek Books, 1970), p. 271. 9. Harry Magdoff, “Colonialism (1763-c. 1970),” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (1974), pp. 893-4. See also D, K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (New York: Delacorte Press, 1967), p. 178. 10. Quoted in Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer: A Srudy in AngloEgyptian Relations (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 3. 11. The phrase is to be found in Jan Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), Pp. 17. 12. V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind: 8lack Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1969), p.55.

Notes 331 13. Edgar Quinet, Le Génie des religions, in Oeuvres complétes (Paris: Paguerre, 1857), pp. 55—74. 14, Cromer, Political and Literary Essays, p. 35. 15. See Jonah Raskin, The Mythology of Imperialism (New York: Random House, 1971), p. 40, 416. Henry A. Kissinger, American Foreign Policy (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974), pp. 48-9. 417. Harold W. Glidden, “The Arab World,” American Journal of Psychiatry 128, no. 8 (February 1972); 984-8. 18. R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 72. See also Francis Dvornik, The Ecumenical Councils (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1961), pp. 65-6: “Of special interest is the eleventh canon directing that chairs for teaching Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Chaldean should be created at the main universities. The suggestion was Raymond Lull’s, who advocated learning Arabic as the best means for the conversion of the Arabs. Although the canon remained almost without effect as there were few teachers of Oriental languages, its acceptance indicates the growth of the missionary idea in the West. Gregory X had already hoped for the conversion of the Mongols, and Franciscan friars had penetrated into the depths of Asia in their missionary zeal, Although these hopes were not fulfilled, the missionary spirit continued to develop.” See also Johann W. Fiick, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955). 19. Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris: Payot, 1950). See also V.-V. Barthold, La Découverte de l'Asie: Histoire de lorientalisme en Europe et en Russie, trans, B. Nikitine (Paris: Payot, 1947), and the relevant pages in Theodor Benfey, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft und Orientalischen Philologie in Deutschland (Munich: Gottafschen, 1869). For an instructive contrast see James T. Monroe, /slam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970). 20. Victor Hugo, Oeuvres poétiques, ed. Pierre Albouy (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), 1: 580. 21. Jules Mohl, Vingt-sept Ans d'histoire des études orientales: Rapports faits a la Société asiatique de Paris de 1840 & 1867, 2 vols. (Paris: Reinwald, 1879-80). 22. Gustave Dugat, Histoire des orientalistes de ?Europe du XII* au XiX¢ siecle, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1868-70) . 23, See René Gérard, L’Orient et la pensée romantique allemande (Paris: Didier, 1963), p. 112. 24. Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, p. 13}. 25. University Grants Committee, Report of the Sub-Committee on