332 Notes 29. Southern, Western Views of Islam, p. 14. 30. Aeschylus, The Persians, trans. Anthony J. Podleck (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), pp. 73-4. 31, Euripides, The Bacchae, trans. Geoffrey S. Kirk (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), p. 3. For further discussion of the EuropeOrient distinction see Santo Mazzarino, Fra oriente e occidente: Ricerche di storia greca arcaica (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1947), and Denys Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968). 32. Euripides, Bacchae, p. 52. 33. René Grousset, L’Empire du Levant: Histoire de ta question d’Orient (Paris: Payot, 1946). 34, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1855), 6: 399. 35. Norman Daniel, The Arabs and Medieval Europe (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1975), p. 56. 36. Samuel C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose: {slam and Englund During the Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1937), p. 103. 37. Norman Daniel, /slam and the West: The Making of an image (Edinburgh: University Press, 1960), p. 33. See also James Kritzeck, Peter the Venerable and Islam (Princeton, N, J.: Princeton University Press, 1964). 38. Daniel, Islam and the West, p. 252. 39. Ibid., pp. 259-60. 40. See for example William Wistar Comfort, “The Literary Role of the Saracens in the French Epic,” PMLA 55 (1940): 628-59, 41. Southern, Western Views of Islam, pp. 91-2, 108-9. 42, Danie!, slam and the West, pp. 246, 96, and passim. 43, Ibid., p. 84. 44. Duncan Black Macdonald, “Whither Is!am?” Muslim World 23 (January 1933): 2. 45. P. M. Holt, Introduction to The Cambridge History of istam, ed. P. M. Holt, Anne K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. xvi. 46. Antoine Galland, prefatory ‘“Discours” to Barthélemy d'Herbelot, Bibliothéque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui fait connaitre les peuples de l'Orient (The Hague: Neaulme & van Daalen, 1777), 1: vii. Galland'’s point is that d’Herbelot presented real knowledge, not tegend or myth of the sort associated with the “marvels of the East.” See R. Wittkower, “Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtuuld Institutes 5 (1942): 159-97. 47. Galland, prefatory “Discours” to d'Herbelot, Bidbliothéque orientale, Pp. xvi, xxxiii. For the state of Oricntalist knowledge immediately before d'Herbelot, sce V. J., Parry, “Renaissance Historical Literature in Relation to the New and Middle East (with Special Reference to Paolo Giovio},” in Historians of the Middle East, ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 277-89. 48. Barthold, La Découverte de Asie, pp. 137-8. 49, D'Herbelot, Bidliothéque orientale, 2: 648.

Notes 333 50. See also Montgomery Watt, “Muhammad in the Eyes of the West,” Boston University Journal 22, no. 3 (Fall 1974): 61-9. §1. Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 13-14. §2. Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, trans. Bernard Miall (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1939), pp. 234, 283. 53, Quoted by Henri Baudet in Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man, trans. Elizabeth Wentholt (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1965), p. xiii. §4. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6: 289. 55, Baudet, Paradise on Earth, p. 4. 56. See Fieldhouse, Colonial Empires, pp. 138-61. §7. Schwab, La Renaissance orientale, p. 30. 58. A.J. Arberry, Oriental Essays: Portraits of Seven Scholars (New York: Macmillan Co., 1960), pp. 30, 31. 59. Raymond Schwab, Vie d'Anquetil-Duperron suivie des Usages civils et religieux des Perses par Anquetil-Duperron (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1934), pp. 10, 96, 4, 6. 60. Arberry, Oriental Essays, pp. 62-6. 61. Frederick Eden Pargiter, ed., Centenary Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1823-1923 (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1923), p. viii. 62. Quinet, Le Génie des religions, p. 47. 63. Jean Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte décembre 1797-24 aout 1799 (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1973), p. 9. 64. Constantin-Frangois Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie (Paris: Bossange, 1821), 2: 241 and passim. 65. Napoleon, Campagnes d'Egypte et de Syrie, 1798-1799: Mémoires pour servir @ l'histoire de Napoléon (Paris: Comou, 1843), 1: 211. 66. Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, p. 126. See also Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 12-20. 67. Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery of Europe, p. 22. 68. Quoted from Arthur Helps, The Spanish Conquest of America (London, 1900), p. 196, by Stephen J. Greenblatt, “Learning to Curse: Aspects of Linguistic Colonialism in the Sixteenth Century,” in First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, ed, Fredi Chiapelli (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 573. 69. Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, p. 2@0. Napoleon was not just being cynical, It is reported of him that he discussed Voltaire’s Mahomet with Goethe, and defended Istam. See Christian Cherfils, Bonaparte et l'Islam d’aprés les documents fran¢ais arabes (Paris: A. Pedone, 1914), p. 249 and Passim. 70. Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, p. 434. 71. Hugo, Les Orientales, irr Oeuvres poétiques, 1: 684. 72. Henri Dehérain, Silvestre de Sacy, ses contemporains et ses disciples (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1938), p. v. 73. Description de Egypte, au Recueil des observations et des recherches