340 Notes very interesting accounts of the Saint-Hilaires’ place in the development of the life sciences. 5S. E. Saint-Hilaire, Philosophie anatomique, pp. xxii—xxiii. 56. Renan, Histoire générale, p. 156. 57. Renan, Oeuvres complétes, t: 621—2 and passim. See H. W. Wardman, Ernest Renan: A Critical Biography (London: Athlone Press, 1964), p. 66 and passim, for a subtle description of Renan's domestic life; although one would not wish to force a parallel between Renan’s biography and what I have called his “masculine” world, Wardman’s descriptions here are suggestive indeed—at least to me. 58. Renan, “Des services rendus au sciences historiques par la philologie,” in Oeuvres completes, 8: 1228, 1232. 59. Ernst Cassirer, The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History since Hegel, trans, William H. Woglom and Charles W. Hendel (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950), p. 307. 60. Renan, “Réponse au discours de réception de M. de Lesseps (23 avril 1885)," in Oeuvres completes, 1: 817. Yet the value of being truly contemporary was best shown with reference to Renan by Sainte-Beuve in his aftictes of Jun® 1862. See also Donald G, Charlton, Positivist Thought in France During the Second Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), and his Secular Religions in France. Also Richard M. Chadbourne, ‘Renan and Sainte-Beuve,” Romanic Review 44, no. 2 (April 1953): 126-35, 61. Renan, Oeuvres complétes, 8: 156. 62. In his letter of June 26, 1856, to Gobineau, Oeuvres complétes, 10: 203-4. Gobineau’s ideas were expressed in his Essai sur linégalité des races hAumaines (1853-55). 63. Cited by Albert Hourani in his excellent article “Islam and the Philosophers of History,” p, 222. 64, Caussin de Perceval, Essai sur I'histoire des Arabes avant flslamisme, pendant I'époque de Mahomet et jusqu’d la réduction de toutes tes tribus sous la loi musufmane (1847-48; reprint ed, Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Veriagsanstalt, 1967), 3: 332-9. 65. Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841; reprint ed., New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1906), p. 63. ‘ 66. Macaulay's Indian experiences are described by G. Otto Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1875), 1: 344-71. The complete text of Macaulay's “Minute” is conveniently to be found in Philip D. Curtin, ed., Imperialism: The Documentary History of Western Civilization (New York: Walker & Co., 1971), pp. 178-91. Some consequences of Macaulay's views for British Orientalism are discussed in A. J. Arberry, British Orientalists (London; William Collins, 1943). 67. John Henry Newman, The Turks in Their Relation to Europe, vol.