342 Notes 95. Jean Bruneau, Le “‘Conte Orientale”’ de Flaubert (Paris: Denoel, 1973), p. 79. 96. These are all considered by Bruneau in ibid. 97. Nerval, Voyage en Orient, in Oeuvres, 2: 68, 194, 96, 342. 98. Ibid., p. 181. 99. Michel Butor, ‘Travel and Writing,” trans. John Powers and K. Lisker, Mosaic 8, no. 1 (Fall 1974): 13. 100. Nerval, Voyage en Orient, p. 628. 101. Ibid, pp. 706, 718. 102. Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour, trans, and ed. Francis Steegmuller (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1973), p. 200. I have also consulted the following texts, in which all Flaubert’s “Oriental” material is to be found: Oeuvres completes de Gustave Flaubert (Paris: Club de ’Honnéte homme, 1973), vols. 10, 11; Les Lettres d'Egypte, de Gustave Flaubert, ed. A. Youssef Naaman (Paris: Nizet, 1965); Flaubert, Correspondance, ed. Jean Bruneau (Paris, Gallimard, 1973), 1: 518 ff. 103. Harry Levin, The Gates of Horn: A Study of Five French Realists (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 285. 104. Flaubert in Egypt, pp. 173,75. 105. Levin, Gates of Horn, p. 271. 106. Flaubert, Catalogue des opinions chic, in Oeuvres, 2: 1019. 107. Flaubert in Egypt, p. 65. 108. Ibid., pp. 220, 130. 109, Flaubcrt, La Tentation de Saint Antoine, in Oeuvres, 1: 85. 110. See Flaubert, Salammbé, in Oeuvres, 1: 809 ff. See also Maurice Z. Shroder, “On Reading Safammbé,” L'Esprit créateur 10, no. 1 (Spring 1970) : 24-35. 111. Flaubertin Egypt, pp. 198-9. 112. Foucault, “La Bibliothéque fantastique,” in Flaubert, La Tentation de Saint Antoine, pp. 7~33. 113. Flaubert in Egypt, p. 79. 114. Ibid., pp. 211-2. 115. For a discussion of this process see Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge: also Joseph Ben-David, The Scientist's Role in Society (Englewood Cliffs, N.3.: Prentice-Hall, 1971). See also Edward W. Said, “An Ethics of Language,” Diacritics 4, no. 2 (Summer 1974): 28-37. 116. See the invaluable listings in Richard Bevis, Bibliotheca Cisorientalia: An Annotated Checklist of Early English Travel Books on the Near and Middle East (Boston: G. K. Hal] & Co., 1973). 117. For discussions of the American travelers see Dorothee Metlitski Finkelstein, Melville’s Orienda (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 196t), and Franklin Walker, Irreverent Pilgrims: Melville, Browne, and Hela Twain in the Holy Land (Seattle; University of Washington Press, 1974). 118, Alexander William Kinglake, Eothen, or Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East, ed. D. G. Hogarth (1844; reprint ed., London: Henry Frowde, 1906), pp. 25, 68, 241, 220. 119. Flaubert in Egypt, p. 81.

Notes 343 120. Thomas J. Assad, Three Victorian Travellers: Burton, Blunt and Doughty (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), p. 5. 121. Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah, ed. Isabel Burton (London: Tylston & Edwards, 1893), 1: 9, 108-10. 122. Richard Burton, “Terminal Essay,” in Fhe Book of the Thousand and One Nights (London: Burton Club, #886), 10: 63-302. 123, Burton, Pilgrimage, 1: 112, 114. Chapter 3. Orientalism Now 1. Friedrich Nietzsche, “On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense,” in The Portable Nietzsche, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Viking Press, 1954), pp. 46-7. 2. The number of Arab travelers to the West is estimated and considered by Ibrahim Abu-Lughod in Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 75-6 and passim. 3. See Philip D. Curtin, ed., Imperialism: The Documentary History of Western Civilization (New York: Walker & Co., 1972), pp. 73~105. 4. See Johann W. Fiick, “Islam as an Historical Problem in European Historiography since 1800,” in Historians of the Middle East, ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 307. 5. Ibid., p. 309, 6. See Jacques Waardenburg, L’Islam dans le miroir de I'Occidem (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1963). 7. Ibid., p. 311. 8. P. Masson-Oursel, “La Connaissance scientifique de ]’Asie en France depuis 1900 et les variétés de l’Orientalisme,” Revue Philosophique 143, nos. 7-9 (July-September 1953): 345. 9. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt (New York: Macmillan Co., 1908), 2: 237-8. 10. Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Ancient and Modern Imperialism (London: John Murray, 1910), pp. 118, 120. 11. George Nathaniel Curzon, Subjects of the Day: Being a Selection of Speeches and Writings (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1915), pp. 4-5, 10,28. 12. Ibid., pp. 184, 191—2. For the history of the school, see C. H. Phillips, The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 19171967: An Introduction (London: Design for Print, 1967). 13. Eric Stokes, The English Utiliturians and India (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959). 14, Cited in Michael Edwardes, High Noon of Empire: India Under Curzon (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965), pp, 38--9. 15. Curzon, Subjects of the Day, pp. 155-6. 16. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, in Youth and Two Other Stories (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1925), p. 52.