104. “Statement of Purpose,” MESA Bulletin 1, no. 1 (May 1967): 33. 105. Morroe Berger, “Middle Eastern and North African Studies: Developments and Needs,” MESA Bulletin 1, no. 2 (November 1967): 16. 106. Menachem Mansoor, ‘Present State of Arabic Studies in the United States,” in Report on Current Research 1958, ed. Kathleen H. Brown (Washington: Middle East Institute, 1958), pp. 55-6. 107. Harold Lasswell, “Propaganda,” Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1934), 12: 527. 1 owe this reference to Professor Noam Chomsky. 108. Marcel Proust, The Guermantes Way, trans. C, K. Scott Moncrieff (1925; reprint ed., New York: Vintage Books, 1970), p. 135. 109. Nathaniel Schmidt, ‘Early Oriental Studies in Europe and the Work of the American Oriental Society, 1842-1922," Journal of the American Oriental Society 43 (1923): 11. See also E. A. Speiser, “Near Eastern Studies in America, 1939-45,” Archiv Orientalni 16 (1948): 76-88. 110. As an instance there is Henry Jessup, Fifty-Three Years in Syria, 2 vols. (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1910}. 111. For the connection between the issuing of the Balfour Declaration and United States war policy, see Doreen Ingrams, Palestine Papers 19171922: Seeds of Conflict (London: Cox & Syman, 1972), pp. 10 ff. 112. Mortimer Graves, "A Cultural Relations Policy in the Near East,” in The Near East and the Great Powers, ed. Frye, pp. 76, 78. 113. George Camp Keiser, “The Middle East Institute: Its Inception and Its Place in American International Studies,” in The Near East and the Great Powers, ed. Frye, pp. 80, 84. 114. For an account of this migration, see The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1936-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, $969). 115. Gustave von Grunebaum, Modern Islam: The Search for Cultural Identity (New York: Vintage Books, 1964), pp. 55, 261, 116. Abdullah Laroui, “Pour une méthodologie des études islamiques: L'Isiam au miroir de Gustave von Grunebaum,” Diogéne 38 (July-September 1973): 30. This essay has been collected in Laroui'’s The Crisis of the Arab Intellectuals: Traditionalism or Historicism? trans. Diarmid Caromell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976). 117. David Gordon, Self-Determination and History in the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971). 118. Laroui, “Pour une méthodologie des études islamiques,” p. 4). 119. Manfred Halpern, “Middle East Studies: A Review of the State of the Field with a Few Examples,” World Politics 15 (October 1962): 121-2. 120. Ibid., p. 117. 121. Leonard Binder, “1974 Presidential Address,” MESA Bulletin 9, no, 1 (February 1975) : 2. 122. lbid., p. 5. 123. “Middte East Studies Network in the United States," MERIP Reports 38 (June 1975): 5. 124. The two best critical reviews of the Cambridge History are by Albert Hourani, The English Historical Review 87, no. 343 (April 1972): 348-57, and Roger Owen, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4, no, 2 (Autumn 1973) : 287-98.

125. P. M. Holt, Introduction, The Cambridge History of islam, ed. P. M. Hoit, Anne K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 1: xi. 126. D. Sourdel, “The Abbasid Caliphate,” Cambridge History of Isiam, ed. Holt et a}., 1: $21. 127. Z. N. Zeine, “The Arab Lands,” Cambridge History of Islam, ed. Holt et al., J: 575. 128. Dankwart A. Rustow, "The Political Impact of the West,” Cambridge History of Islam, ed. Holt et al., 1: 697. 129. Cited in Ingrams, Palestine Papers, 1917-1922, pp. 31-2. 130. Robert Alter, “Rhetoric and the Arab Mind,” Commentary, October 1968, pp. 61-85. Alter’s article was an adulatory review of General Yehoshafat Harkabi's Arab Attitudes to Israel (Jerusalem: Keter Press, 1972). 131. Gil Carl Alroy, “Do The Arabs Want Peace?” Commentary, February 1974, pp. 56-61. 132. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Hill & Wang, 1972), pp. 109-59. 133. Raphael Patai, Golden River to Golden Road: Society, Culture, and Change in the Middle East (Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962; 3rd rev. ed, 1969), p. 406. 134. Raphael Patai, The Arab Mind (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). For an even more racist work see John Laffin, The Arab Mind Considered: A Need for Understanding (New York: Taplinger Publishing Co, 1976). 135. Sania Hamady, Temperament and Character of the Arabs (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1960), p. 100. Hamady’s book is a favorite amongst Israelis and Israeli apologists; Alroy cites her approvingly, and so does Amos Elon in The Israelis: Founders and Sons (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971). Morroe Berger (see note 137 below) also cites her fre quently. Her model is Lane’s Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, but she has none of Lane's literacy or general learning. 136. Manfred Halpern’s thesis is presented in “Four Contrasting Repertories of Human Relations in Islam: Two Pre-Modern and Two Modern Ways of Dealing with Continuity and Change, Collaboration and Conflict and the Achieving of Justice,” a paper presented to the 22nd Near East Conference at Princeton University on Psychology and Near Eastern Studies, May 8, 1973. This treatise was prepared for by Halpern’s “A Redefinition of the Revolutionary Situation,” Journal of International Affairs 23, no. 1 (1969): 54--75. 137. Morroe Berger, The Arah World Today (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1964), p. 140. Much the same sort of implication underlies the clumsy work of quasi-Arabists like Joel Carmichael and Danie} Lerner; it is there more subtly in political and historical scholars such as Theodore Draper, Walter Laqueur, and Elie Kedourie. It is strongly in evidence in such highly regarded works as Gabriel Baer’s Population and Society in the Arab East, trans. Hanna Szoke (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964), and Alfred Bonné's State and Economics in the Middle East: A Society in Transition (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1955). The consensus seems to be that if they think at all, Arabs think differently—i.e., not necessarily with reason, and often without it. See also Adet Daher’s RAND study, Current Trends in Arab Intellectual Thought (RM-5979-FF, December