358 Histoire des Mussulmans d’Espagne (Dozy), 151 Histoire des navigations aux terres australes (de Brosses), 117 Histoire des orientalistes de PEurope du XU au X1X'siécle (Dugat), $2,331, 339 Histoire du peuple d'Israéi (Renan), 235 Histoire générale et particuliére des anomalies de organisation chez Vhomme et les animaux (1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), 339 Histoire générale et systeme comparé des langues sémitiques (Renan), 142, 146, 150, 337, 338, 339,340 Histoire naturelle des poissons du Nil (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), 334 Historia Orientalis (Hottinger), 64 Historians of the Middle East (ed. Lewis and Holt), 332, 336, 343 “Historische Fragmente” (Burckhardt), 208 history: alternative to religious-ethnic approach, 325, 350; Arabs seen as exempt from, 230-1, 235, 278-9; Baifour on Oriental, 32—3; of Cambridge History of Islam, 302304, 350; cultural, of Renan, 146147; and essentialist vision of Orientalism, 97, 231, 240, 246; geopolitical awareness within, 12, 14, 50; of ideas, and Orientalism, 23, 130, 305; imposition of scientific typing upon, 231, 260; Lewis on practice of, 319-20; man-made, 5, 54, 115; in manifest Orientalism, 206; Marx on neccssary transformations of, 153-4; as narrative, 161-4, 239, 240, 246; of Orient in 18th century, 117-18, 120; Oriental superseded by European, 84_5, 86, 108-9; Orientalist disregard of, 105, 107, 231, 234, 246, 260, 271, 278-9, 318,321; Orientalist generalization of, 96, 109, 231-3; as Orientalist representation, 21, 32-3; reduced by cultural tbeory in von Gruncbaum, 298-9; revisionist, 318; sacred and profane in d’Herbelot, 64. seen as drama by Quinet and Michelet, 137, 138 History of intellectual Development on the Lines of Modern Evolution (Crozier), 233 History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 74,332, 333 Index History of the Saracens (Ockley), ’ Hitti, Philip, 296 Hobson, J. A., 92 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 258, 346 Hogarth, David George, 197, 223-4, 235, 237, 238, 245, 246, 342, 344, 345 Holt, P. M., 105, 302, 332, 336, 343, 349 Homer, 11, 20, 84, 85 Hottinger, Johann H., 64 Hourani, Albert, 274, 275, 276, 330, 335, 336,340,347,348 Hugo, Victor, 3, 22, 51, 53, 82-3, 99, 101, 157, 167~8, 331, 333, 334, 341 Hugo of St. Victor, 259 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von. 134 Humboldt, Baron Wilhelm von, 99, 133, 339 Hume, David, 13 Hurgronje, C. Snouck, 209, 210, 255-6, 257, 263, 346 Husein ibn-Ali (grand sherif of Mecca), 238 Hussein, Tasha, 323 Husserl, Edmund, 296 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 233 Huysmans, Joris Karl, 180, 266 ibn-Khaldun, 75! Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (Herder), 118 idées regues, 94, 115, 189, 253, 326 {ji, Adudu "I-Din al-, 315 Images of Middle East Conflict (Alroy), 307 imperialism; accommodates Arab intellectual class, 322-4; American, 3-4, 11,15, 16-17, 18, 25, 27, 104, 107-8, 285, 290, 293-5, 299, 321, 322; Baifour’s defense of, 31-6; British, 3-4, 11, 15, 16-17, 18, 19, 25, 31-9,41, 44,47,75, 76,95, 100, 153, 156, 169, 191, 195, 196-7, 211-16, 217, 218, 220-4, 225, 226-7, 239, 244, 246, 257; connection to Anglo-French Orientalism,4, 18, 41, 86, 94-6, 104, 195, 196, 197, 204, 214,221224; Cromer on policies of, 36-9, 44, 212-13; French, 3—4, 11, 15, 16-17, 18, 19,25,41, 76, 86, 95, 100, 124, 156, 191, 211,217-21, 223, 224-5, 244-5; governs Orientalist culture, 14, 15, 43, 86,95, 104, 122-3, 204, 210, 214; im 

Index 359 pact on Oricntals, 213, 251-2, 322-3; inter-European rivalry in, 4}, 75, 76.87, 191,211-12,247221, 224-5, 244,248; new configuration in U.S. and U.S.S.R., 104, 107-8, 285; Orientalist agents of, 196-7, 222-5, 228-31, 237246, 321, 322; and Orientalist doctrines, 8, {2, 13, 18, 44, 86, 94-6,206-7, 222-5, 246, 290—-3, 295, 299, 322, 328; tutelage of “backward” East, 35, 37, 86 Imperialism (ed. Curtin), 340, 343, 344 India: Anquetil-Duperron to, 76-7, 79, 156; British in, {1, £7, t9, 31, 36, 37,42,73, 75, 76, 77-9, 137, 153-4, 169, 214, 217, 224, 226, 229, 264; classical civitizations the “good” Orient, 99; and French aspiration to “French India,” 218; inter-European rivalry in, 75, 76; Islam spreads to, 59, 74; Jones in, 77-9; languages and dialects of, 52, 75~9, 98, 136-7, 322; Marx on regeneration of, 153-5; Orientalist study of religions in, 50, 67, 75, 150, 255; succeeds to Edenic fallacy, 137 Indochina, 2,4}, 46, 218, 285 Indo-European languages, 22, 51, 75, 78-9, 98, 135-7, 139. 140. 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 232 Indonesia, 59, 210, 304 Inferno (Dante), 68-70, 71 “Influence of the Arabic Language on the Psychology of the Arabs, The” (Shouby), 320 Institut de France, 126 Institut d’'Egypte, 52, 81, 83, 84, 87 Institutes of Manu, 78 “Interpretation of Islamic History, An” (Gibb), 283 Traq, 96, 109, 303, 324 Ishmael, 268, 270 Islam: “bad” Orient of philologists, 99, 141; Christian represcntation of, 60-9, 71-2, 81, 172, 209; as conquering movement, 58, 59, 61. 71, 74-5, 91, 205, 268, 303, 304; contemporary dogmas on, 300-1; Dante on, 68-70, 71; “defeatism” of, 314; epitome of outsider, 70-1. 208; essentially “tent and tribe,” 105, 234, 307; exception to Western domination of Orient, 73-5; Gibbon, 105-6, 246, 276-84, hegemony of, 59, 205; interwar study of, 255-7, 260-72, 278, Macdonald on, 209, 2t0, 247-8, 276-7; Massignon’s ideas of, 26872; mysticism in, 209, 253, 258, 267, 268-9; Napoleon's admira-~ tion for, 82, 333; perceived as doctrinal imposture of Christianity, 59, 60, 61, 62-3, 65-6, 71-2, 209, poitical rather than spiritual instrument, 151-2; reintegration with West, 256-7, 280; religion of resistance, 268, 269; religious tolerance of, 209, 278; “return” of, 107, 225, 316; Schlegel on, 98-9, 150; Scott on, 101-2; as shame culture, 48-9; silence and articulation in, 282-3, 320; Smith demythologizes, 235-6; and static maie Orientalism, 208; von Grunebaum on, 296-9, 304; Western fear of , 59-60, 74~—5, 92, 252-3, 254, 260, 287. See also Arabs; Near Orient Islam and Capitalism (Rodinson), 259, 335,350 Islam dans le miroir de !'Occident, L’ (Waardenburg). 209, 343, 346, 347 “Islamic Concepts of Revolution” (Lewis), 314-15, 350 Islamic law, 50, 65-6, 209, 255-6, 278; Gibb on, 280 Israel: 26—7. 107-8, 270, 286-7, 293, 306-8, 316, 318-19, 321, 349. See also Jews, Zionism Italy, 1, 17, 24, 73, 80, 296 Hinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem (Chateaubriand), 88, 171-5, 183 Jabarti, Abd-al-Rahman al-, 82 Jaloux, Edmond, 250. Janet, Paul, 114 Japan, 1, 2, 17,73, 120,285, 322 Jaurés, Jean Léon, 245 Jean Germain, 61 Jesuits, 51, 117 Jews, 102, 141, 155, 177, 191, 192, 241, 287, 301, 305, 319, 337; Abrahamanic religion of, 268-9; American, and Arabs, 26, 308, 318; and Aryan myth, 99; Chateaubriand on, 174; and divine dynasty of language, 128, 135-6, Dozy on. 151, in Israel, 306; and 1945 Cairo riot, 316-17; primitive origins, 234, 235, Proust on Orientalism of, 293; Renan on, 141, 142, 146; sacred history of, 64. See also Semites; Zionism fihad, 268, 278, 287