Tolerance in Islamic Perspective



Tolerance in Islamic Perspective

Translation and Compilation: Reza Ervani bin Asmanu

The article “Tolerance in the View of Islam” falls under the category of View of Islam (Tsaqafah Islamiyah).

السؤال

Question

نرجو شرح مصطلح التسامح الديني.

We ask for an explanation of the term “at-Tasaamuh ad-Diiniy” (religious tolerance).

الإجابــة

Answer

الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه، أما بعـد:

All praise is due to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, and his companions.

فالتسامح الديني مصطلح شائك له أكثر من مفهوم، ويختلف حكمه باختلاف مدلوله،

The term “religious tolerance” is a complex term with more than one meaning, and its ruling varies depending on its interpretation.

فإن قصد به قبول الديانات الأخرى غير دين الإسلام على أنها طرق موصلة إلى الله سبحانه ومنجية من عذابه يوم الدين، فهو حينئذ مصطلح فاسد، بل هذا هو الكفر البواح الذي لا يقبل معه عمل صالح لمصادمته لقول الله -جلَّ وعلا-:

If it means accepting religions other than Islam as valid paths leading to Allah and as means of salvation from His punishment on the Day of Judgment, then this is an incorrect term. In fact, it is a clear disbelief, and no righteous deed is accepted alongside it, as it contradicts the words of Allah Ta’ala :

وَمَن يَبْتَغِ غَيْرَ الإِسْلاَمِ دِينًا فَلَن يُقْبَلَ مِنْهُ وَهُوَ فِي الآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ [أل عمران:٨٥].

“Whoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted from him, and in the Hereafter, he will be among the losers.” (Surah Ali Imran, 3:85).

أما إن أريد به أن الإسلام يقر أصحاب الديانات الأخرى على دياناتهم إذا هم سالموا المسلمين وأدوا لهم الجزية، فهو حينئذ مصطلح شرعي، لأن الإسلام لا يكره أحداً على الدخول فيه، لقوله تعالى:

However, if it means that Islam acknowledges the followers of other religions on their faiths as long as they are at peace with Muslims and pay the jizyah (tax), then this is a legitimate term according to the Shariah. Islam does not compel anyone to embrace it, as stated in the words of Allah :

لاَ إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ [البقرة : ٢٥٦]

“There is no compulsion in religion; truly the right way has become clearly distinct from error.” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:256).

ومن صور التسامح الديني في شريعة الإسلام أن الله سبحانه قد أمر بتحسين الخلق مع الناس كافة بصرف النظر عن دياناتهم واعتقاداتهم ما داموا غير محاربين لله ورسوله، فقال سبحانه:

One example of religious tolerance in Islamic Sharia is that Allah has commanded good conduct with all people, regardless of their religion and beliefs, as long as they are not waging war against Allah and His Messenger. Allah, the Exalted, says :

لاَ إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ [البقرة : ٢٥٦]

“And speak to people kindly…” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:83).

وقال سبحانه : 

Allah Ta’ala also says:

وَلَا تُجَادِلُوا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ إِلَّا بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا مِنْهُمْ [العنكبوت: ٤٦]

“And do not argue with the People of the Scripture except in a way that is best, except for those who commit injustice among them.” (Surah Al-Ankabut, 29:46).

وجوز الفقهاء دفع الصدقات المندوبة للكفار، كما بينا ذلك في الفتوى الأخرى

Scholars of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) have also allowed voluntary charity to be given to non-Muslims, as we have clarified in another fatwa.

والخلاصة: أن أهل الذمة لهم ما للمسلمين وعليهم ما على المسلمين، كما قال علي بن أبي طالب -رضي الله عنه-: إنما قبلوا الجزية لتكون أموالهم كأموالنا، ودماؤهم كدمائنا. انتهى.

In conclusion: The people under the protection of an Islamic state (ahl al-dhimmah) have the same rights as Muslims and are subject to the same duties, as Ali bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “They paid the jizyah so that their wealth would be like our wealth, and their blood like our blood.”

— End of all quotes —

جاء في كتاب الخلاصة في أحكام أهل الذمة :

As stated in the book “Al Khulashah fi Ahkam Ahl al Dhimmah”:

وعلى ذلك فلأهل الذمة حق الإقامة آمنين مطمئنين على دمائهم وأموالهم وأعراضهم،

Therefore, the people under the protection of an Islamic state (ahl al-dhimmah) have the right to live securely and peacefully regarding their lives, properties, and honor.

وعلى الإمام حمايتهم من كل من أراد بهم سوءاً من المسلمين أو أهل الحرب أو أهل الذمة، لأنه التزم بالعهد حفظهم من الاعتداء عليهم، فيجب عليه الذب عنهم ومنع من يقصدهم بالأذى من المسلمين أو الكفار واستنقاذ من أسر منهم واسترجاع ما أخذ من أموالهم، سواء كانوا مع المسلمين أم منفردين عنهم في بلد لهم،

The leader (imam) is obliged to protect them from anyone who wishes them harm, whether from Muslims, enemies, or other people under protection (ahl al-dhimmah), as he is committed by the covenant to protect them from aggression. Therefore, he must defend them and prevent anyone, whether Muslim or non-Muslim, who intends to harm them. He must also rescue anyone of them who is captured and recover their seized properties, whether they live among Muslims or separately in their own land.

لأنهم بذلوا الجزية لحفظهم وحفظ أموالهم، ومن مقتضيات عقد الذمة أن أهل الذمة لا يظلمون ولا يؤذون،

They paid the jizyah for their protection and the protection of their wealth, and among the consequences of this protective covenant is that the people under protection (ahl al-dhimmah) should not be wronged or harmed.

قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم:

The Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, said:

ألا من ظلم معاهداً أو انتقصه حقه، أو كلفه فوق طاقته أو أخذ منه شيئاً بغير طيب نفس منه، فأنا حجيجه يوم القيامة. انتهى.

“Behold, whoever oppresses a Mu’ahid (a non-Muslim under a peace treaty), diminishes his rights, burdens him beyond his capacity, or takes anything from him without his consent, I will be his advocate on the Day of Resurrection.” 

— End of quote from “Al-Khulashah fi Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimmah” —

وقد سبق أن بينا طريقة الإسلام في التعامل مع أهل الذمة، في الفتوى الأخرى

We have also previously clarified the Islamic way of interacting with the people under protection (ahl al-dhimmah) in another fatwa.

And Allah knows best.

Primary Source: IslamWeb



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